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我的教育资源之英语学习

英语时态 一般过去时 一般现在时 一般将来时 过去将来时 过去完成时 过去进行时 现在完成时 现在进行时
英语时态 一般过去时 一般现在时 一般将来时 过去将来时 过去完成时 过去进行时 现在完成时 现在进行时
英语时态 一般过去时 一般现在时 一般将来时 过去将来时 过去完成时 过去进行时 现在完成时 现在进行时

    英语有26个英文字母、48个音素、16种时态,其中常用的时态有8种。通常母语为英语的人们掌握900个单词就可以满足日常生活交流需求。而母语非英语的人们则需要掌握英文字母、音标(音素)、音节、单词、时态和句子。并能够做到连词成句,连句成章,最终达到连章成篇!
    
我的资源网全球独创时间轴图示法记忆英语时态

--------------------------

过去  

---♂♀---

现在

-------------------------->>

  将来








一般 过去  
一般 现在  
一般 将来  
过去 将来  
过去 完成  
过去 进行  
现在 完成  
现在 进行  
以下16个英语时态供高中生以上及教学和研究人员参考







一般 过去 左侧带背景关键字
+完成时、进行时、完成
进行时
就构成英语另外十二大时态
过去 完成时  
过去 进行时
过去 完成进行时
一般 现在 现在 完成时  
现在 进行时
现在 完成进行时
一般 将来 将来 完成时  
将来 进行时
将来 完成进行时
过去 将来 过去 将来 完成时  
过去 将来 进行时
过去 将来 完成进行时
郑重声明:以下内容仅供参考,如有与权威教育内容不符之处,请以权威教育内容为准。
英语时态讲解
1、时态概念:时态(Tense)是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。因此,当我们说时态结构的时候,指的是相应时态下的动词形式。英语中表示不同时间发生的行为、动作或存在的状态,需用不同的动词形式表示,这种不同的动词形式称为时态。

2、时态种类:详见上述时间轴图示记忆法所列内容。

3、时态用法:
3.1、一般过去时
3.1.1一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的行为、动作或事物存在的状态。通常与表示过去的时间状语yesterday, last night ,some years ago, in 1990,in those days.等连用。
I was a student 6years ago.
I went to Beijing last year.
They saw a film last night .

3.1.2基本句型结构:主语 + 动词过去式 + …
例句:
昨天他很忙。 He was busy yesterday.
去年他抽烟了。 He smoked last year.
两年前他去参军了。
他在1990年去世了。

3.1.3注意事项:
1) 表示过去习惯性动作。特别是由wouldused to do表达的句型,本身表示的就是过去时。
例:
The old man would sit on a bench in the quiet park and look at others for hours without doing anything or talking to anybody.(老人过去常常坐在宁静的公园里的一条长椅上,看着其他的人,一坐就是数个小时,什么也不干,也不和任何人交谈。)
He used to visit his mother once a week.(他以前总是每周看望一次他的母亲。)

2) 有时可代替一般现在时,表达一种婉转、客气、礼貌、商量的语气。
例:
I wanted to ask you if I could borrow your car?(我想向您借车用一用,可以吗?)
Would you mind my sitting here?(您介意我坐在这里吗?)

3) 注意时间状语的搭配。一般过去时的时间状语应该是表示过去某个时间的词或词组,如:yesterday / two days ago / last month / in 1999 等,绝对不可与recently, in the past 10 years, this month等连用,因为这样的时间状语都与现在有关系,应该用一般现在时或现在完成时。

4) used to do的否定形式和疑问形式很特别:你怎么写都正确。以否定形式为例:used not to do, didn't used to do, didn't use to do都对。 Used to do经常与 be used to doing sth. 结构进行对比。Used to do表示"过去常常或过去曾经",要求加动词原形; be used to doing sth.表示"习惯于",要求加名词或动名词。

3.1.4动词过去式变化规则。(动词过去式的发音规则:清读/t/ ;元浊/d/ ; t,d后面读 /id/; (清清,浊浊,元也浊,t,d后面读 /id/))
1)一般情况下在动词后面直接加 ed. work—worked / call—called / laugh—laughed / Explain—explained / finish—finished / knock—knocked

2)以不发音字母e结尾的动词直接加 d . live—lived / change—changed / smoke—smoked / die—died / graduate—graduated / drive—drove

3)以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词,把y变i再加 ed. study—studied / carry—carried / cry—cried / try—tried / marry—married

4)以辅元辅结尾(r、w、y除外),重读闭音节,双写末尾辅音字母再加 ed.stop—stopped /t/;open 和 listen 重音在前,因此其过去式分别为 opened listened不用双写尾字母。 stop—stopped / plan—planned / pat—patted

5)常用动词过去式不规则变化:(该部分只能自己找规律“死记硬背”啦!)
do—did / go—went / come—came / run—ran / write—wrote / begin—began / drink—drank / keep—kept / leave—left / sleep—slept / make—made / lie—lay / dig—dug / eat—ate / know—knew / cut—cut / set—set / let—let / read—read / hurt—hurt / ...

3.1.5陈述句、否定句、疑问句及肯定和否定回答。
a)
陈述句: He was busy yesterday .

否定句: He wasn't busy .

疑问句: Was he busy yesterday ?

肯定回答: Yes, he was .

否定回答: No, he wasn't .

b)
陈述句 He smoked last year .

否定句 He didn’t smoke last year .

疑问句 Did he smoke last year ?

肯定回答 Yes ,he did .

否定回答 No ,he didn't .

c)
陈述句 He joined the army in 1990.

否定句 He didn’t joined the army in 1990.

疑问句 Did he join the army in 1990 ?

肯定回答 Yes ,he did .

否定回答 No ,he didn't .

3.1.6例句:分析下哪些句子使用一般过去时态?
---我前天拿走了这本书。
---去年我买了一辆自行车。
---每天晚上我听音乐。
---她通常待在家里。
---两天前我完成了这项工作。

3.1.7复习:分析下哪些句子使用一般过去时态?
1) I________(be) a teacher 2 years ago.

2) He________(be) a student now.

3) He________(do) his homework at home every day.

4) They________(join) the Party in 1998.

5) We________(not eat) apples yesterday.

6) We________(not play) basketball every day.

7) He________(not go ) home once a week.

8) I am 16 years old . (划线部分提问)

9) I go to work at 8:00 every morning . (划线部分提问)

10) They joined the Party in 1990 . (划线部分提问)

11) I went to Beijing last year . (划线部分提问)

3.2、一般现在时
3.2.1一般现在时表示经常发生或习惯性的动作或状态及客观现实和普遍真理。一般现在时常以动词原形表示,但当主语是单数第三人称时,动词词尾加 s 或 es。

3.2.2基本句型结构:主语+V.(包括be动词)+ …
She is an engineer.
He has breakfast at 6:00 every day.
He always helps others. (他总是帮助别人。)

3.2.3注意事项:
1)一般现在时通常与always , often , usually , every day , sometimes , once a week 等时间状语连用。
---I always watch TV at 8:00 in the evening .
---They go home once a week .
---We usually do our homework at home .

2)表客观现实或普遍真理。
---The sun always rises in the east .
---The light travels faster than the sound .

3)表永远性的动作或状态。
---He lives in the country .

4)表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作,(仅限于某些表示“来、去、动、停、开始、结束、继续”等的动词)可以与表示未来时间的状语搭配使用。常见的用法是:飞机、火车、轮船、汽车等定期定点运行的交通方式。
例:The next train leaves at 3 o'clock this afternoon .(下一趟火车今天下午3点开车。)
How often does this shuttle bus run ?(这班车多久一趟?)

3.2.4主语是单数第三人称动词变化规则。
1)一般情况在动词词尾加 s . come—comes / speak—speaks / work—works / live—lives

2)以 S、X、SH、CH、O 结尾的动词加 es . do—does / go—goes / finish—finishes / brush—brushes / fix—fixes / pass—passes / watch—watches

3)以辅音字母+Y结尾的动词要把Y变成i再加 es . Study—studies / carry—carries / cry—cries

4)havehas . Have—has

3.2.5陈述句、否定句、疑问句及肯定和否定回答。
a)
陈述---He is an engineer.
否定---He isn’t an engineer.
疑问---Is he an engineer?
肯定---Yes, he is .
否定---No, he isn’t.

b)
陈述---We get up at 7:30 in the morning .
否定---We don’t get up at 7:30 in the morning .
疑问---Do you get up at 7:30 in the morning ?
肯定---Yes, we do.
否定---No, we don’t.

c)
陈述---He likes music.
否定---He doesn’t like music.
疑问---Does he like music?
肯定---Yes ,he does.
否定---No, he doesn’t .

3.2.6例句:分析下哪些句子使用一般现在时态?
---我们每天晚上九点做作业。
---我在早上七点半起床。
---他每天七点去上班。
---我们经常下午打篮球。
---他喜欢音乐。
---地球围绕太阳转。
---火车六点出发。

3.2.7复习:分析下哪些句子使用一般现在时态?

3.3、一般将来时
3.3.1表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态,常与表将来的时间状语tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next Sunday, soon, in a few days等连用。

3.3.2基本句型结构:
1)主语+ will / shall + V.原形 + …(第一人称用shall)

I shall go to Shanghai tomorrow.
They will have a meeting next week.

2)主语+ be(am, is, are)going to +V.原形+… 表示“有准备、计划、打算去做……,要做……或者根据某种迹象来判断将要发生的事情”时,可用be going to do。
例:
This is just what I am going to say.(这正是我想说的。)
They will have a meeting next Sunday.
He is going to shave .变疑问句 What is he going to do ?
(will=are going to )
----What will they do next Sunday ?
----When will they have a meeting?

3) be about to+V.原形 表示“即将、正要”时,可用be about to do。强调近期内或马上要做的事。
例:
Don't worry, I am about to make a close examination on you.(别担心,我马上就给你做一次仔细的检查。)

I am about to leave school.

不能与表示时间的副词连用。
They are about to set out.(√)
They are about to set out soon.(×)

4) "be to do"的5种用法:
a) 表示“按计划、安排即将发生某事或打算做某事”。
例:She is to be seen in the lab on Monday.(星期一你准会在实验室见到她。)

b) 该做或不该做的事情(语气上接近于should, must, ought to, have to),表示一种命令、规劝性语气。
例:You are to go to bed and keep quiet, kids. Our guests are arriving in less than 5 minutes.(孩子们,你们必须 上床睡觉,不准吵闹。我们的客人5分钟之内就要到了。)

c) 能或不能发生的事情(接近can, may)
例:How am I to pay such a debt?(我怎么可能还得起这么大的一笔债呢?)

d) 不可避免将要发生的事情,后来将要发生的事情。
例:I assure you that the matter _______ as quickly as possible. Have a little patience.
A. will be attended
B. will be attended to
C. is attended
D. is attended to

will be attended to关键的一点是:attend表示“处理,解决”时是不及物动词,必须与to连用。另外,从上下文看,事情显然尚未解决,所以应该用将来时的被动语态。答案是B。

e) 用于条件从句“如果……想,设想”(接近if ……want to,或if ……should)
例:Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage ____________ avoided.
A. is to be
B. can be
C. will be
D. has been
答案是A) is to be。全句的意思是:“如果要避免食品短缺,就必须作出更大努力来增加农业产量。”

5) 同样可以表示“正要、将要”的意思的句型是be on the point of doing。
例:The coach is on the point of giving up the game because our team has been scored 7 points.(教练想要放弃这场比赛了,因为对方已经射进了7个球。)
例:1999年6月四级第65题
I was _______ the point of telephoning him when his letter arrived.
A. in
B. to
C. at
D. on
答案是D)。on the point of doing 是固定词组,意思是“正要、打算”。全句的意思是:“当他的信到的时候我正要打电话给他。”

3.3.3注意事项:
1)有些动词,如:arrive, be close, come, do, done, go, have, leave, open, play, return, sleep, start, stay等,用于一般进行时,并且通常与一个表示将来时间的时间状语连用,可以表示将来时。 例:My mother is coming to visit me next week and is staying here until May.(我妈妈下周将来看我,并会呆到5月。)

2)在以if, when, as long as, as soon as, after, before, in case, until, unless等连词以及具有连词作用的副词(immediately, the moment, directly)等引导的状语从句,一般用现在时 代替 将来时。强调延续性或动态时,可用完成时。
例:I hope his health will have improved by the time you come back next year.(我希望到明年你回来的时候,他的身体已经好多了。)

3.3.4动词变化规则。
1)主语+ will / shall + V.原形 + …
2)主语+ be(am, is, are)going to +V.原形+…
3)主语+ be about to+V.原形 + …
4)主语+ be to do + …
5)主语+ be on the point of doing + …

3.3.5陈述句、否定句、疑问句及肯定和否定回答。
陈述句:She will be 20 years old .
疑问句: Will she be 20 years old ?
肯定回答: Yes, she will .
否定回答: No, she won’t .

陈述句: We shall send her a glass hand-made craft as her birthday gift.
        (我们将送给她一个玻璃的手工制品,作为给她的生日礼物。)
3.3.6例句:分析下,哪些句子使用一般将来时态?

3.3.7复习题:分析下,哪些句子使用一般将来时态?
1.) He_______(do) his homework at school every day.
2.) They_______(finish) their work yesterday.
3.) We_______(visit) their farm next year.
4.) 我半小时后要吃午饭。
5.) 他将骑自行车去学校。
6.) 他们下周日将去买汽车。

3.4、过去将来时
3.4.1过去将来时是立足于过去某时,从过去的时点看将要发生的动作或状态。主要用于宾语从句中。
He said that he would have a meeting next week.

3.4.2基本句型结构:主语 + would/should 或 was/were going to + V.原形 + …
例:I said on Thursday I should see my friend the next day.(我星期四说我将于第二天拜访我的朋友。)

3.4.3注意事项
由于过去将来时是由过去时和将来时组合而成的,所以其注意事项可以参考过去时和将来时的相关注意事项。

3.4.4动词变化规则。

3.4.5陈述句、否定句、疑问句及肯定和否定回答。

3.4.6例句:分析下,哪些句子使用过去将来时态?

3.4.7复习题:分析下,哪些句子使用过去将来时态?
He said that he would have a meeting next week. (He says that he will have a meeting next week.)
They said we should leave school tomorrow. (They say we shall leave school tomorrow.)

3.5、过去完成时
3.5.1表示动作发生在过去某一时间之前已经完成的动作或状态, 强调“过去的过去”, 常与 by the time, by the end of…,before , by 等引导时间的状语连用。

3.5.2基本句型结构:主语+ had + 动词过去分词 + …
He had learned English before he came here.
他来这儿之前已经学会英语了。

He had aught this class for 3 years by the time I left the school.
当我离开这个学校为止,他已教这个班级三年了。

By the end of last term I had learned 2000 English words.
到这学期末我已学会了2000个英语单词。

3.5.3注意事项:
“过去的过去”这种逻辑关系经常通过上下文体现出来,而不一定受某个时间状语的限制。
例:There had been some one in our room just now, because I noticed a burning cigarette end on the floor when we opened the front door.(刚才有人在我们的房间里,因为我们打开前门进来时,我注意到地板上有一支仍在燃烧的香烟。)
分析:虽然时间状语是just now,似乎应该使用一般过去时,但是“在房间里”这个状态是在"开门"和"注意"这两个过去的动作之前就存在的,所以应该用过去完成时。

3.5.4动词变化规则:

3.5.5句式及肯定和否定回答:

3.5.6例句:
When I got to the cinema yesterday the film had begun already.
昨天当我到达电影院时电影已经开始了。

Until then, his family _________ from him for six months. 到那时为止,他家里已经有六个月没得到他的消息了。
A) didn't hear C) hasn't heard B) hasn't been hearing D) hadn't heard
由此可以看出,谓语动词的动作延续到过去的某一时刻才完成,因此谓语要用过去完成时。答案是D)。
其它选项中:
A) didn't hear,因为一般过去时只表示过去发生的事情或存在的状态,所以不能与时间状语for six months连用。
B) hasn't been hearing,现在完成进行时表示过去某时刻继续到现在或现在还在进行的动作,与题意不符。
C) hasn't heard,现在完成时表示从过去某一时刻到现在为止发生的动作。而题中的then只表示过去的某一时刻,不能表示现在时间。

3.5.7复习:
I. Fill in the blanks.
1) We usually ___ (get ) up at 7:00 every morning.

2) She ___ (watch) TV when she heard a loud knock at the door this time yesterday.

3) My mother ___ (come) here tomorrow.

4) Look ! Some one ___ (dance) there.

5) Wei Hua’s brother ___ (join) the army in 1995.

6) He ___ (write) a letter this afternoon.

7) Rice ___ (grow) in the south of China.

8) She said ___ (go) to Japan next year.

9) We ___ (study) 2,000 words since we came to the school.

10) By the end of last term he ___ (teach) that class for 2 years.

II. Translation
1) 我每天早上7点通常打篮球。
2) 昨天我去游泳了。
3) 昨天他说他们将于后天去参观长城。
4) 我们将在下学期学习俄语。
5) 他现在正在玩游戏。
6) 去年冬天这个时候他们正在盖房子。
7) 我居住在山东20 年了。
8) 到上月末为止他工作十年了。

3.6、过去进行时
3.6.1表示过去某一时刻或某阶段时间正在进行的动作, 通常与 at 6:00 yesterday, at this / that time yesterday, when、while、as just as 引导的时间状语等连用。

3.6.2基本句型结构:主语 + was/were + 动词现在分词 + …
1. It was raining at 7:00 the day before yesterday.
2. They were building a reservoir at this time last winter.
3. We were reading when the teacher came in.
4. We weren't reading…
5. Were you reading…
6. What were you doing when the teacher came in?

3.6.3注意事项:
1.过去进行时在时间状语中的应用:当......时; 当一件事情正在发生时,另外一件事情突然发生。

3.6.4动词变化规则:

3.6.5句式及肯定和否定回答:

1.Were you playing football at this time yesterday ?
肯定回答:Yes,I was.
否定回答:No. I wasn't.

2.What were you doing at this time yesterday ?

3.6.6例句:
1. 前天那个时候Tom正在看电影。
2. 上周日四点我们正在游泳。
3. 老师看见我们时我们正在玩扑克。
4. I ____ (do) my homework yesterday.
5. He ____ (do) his homework at 5:00 yesterday.
6. He ____ (do) his homework now.

3.6.7复习:
3.7、现在完成时
3.7.1表示发生在过去的动作强调对现在造成的影响;还表示过去某时间已经开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。通常与下列时间状语连用already 已经, just 刚刚,yet用于否定句表示“还”;放在疑问句表示“已经”;不能用于肯定句,肯定句用already; up to now, in the past, recently, by… , for 5 years, since 1994, so far, ever, …

3.7.2基本句型结构:主语 + have/has + 动词过去分词 + ...
1). I've finished this work.
2). He has ever been to Australia.
3). I have not heard from her recently.
4). I have already read this book.
5). Have you read…? Yes, I have. No, I haven’t.
7). What have you read?

3.7.3注意事项:
1)、现在完成时是联系过去和现在的纽带。现在完成时和过去时的区别在于:现在完成时强调动作的动态,或受动态的影响,是动态的结果,对现在有影响;过去时只表示过去的某个具体时间里发生的动作,与现在没有联系。
例:
He worked in that hospital for 8 years.他曾经在那家医院工作了8年。(这只是讲述一个过去的事实,他现在已经不在那家医院了。)
He has worked in that hospital for 8 years.他已经在那家医院里工作了8年。(表示他从过去开始工作,一直工作到现在,现在仍在那家医院工作。)

2)、因为含有for加一段时间或since加一个时间点这样的时间状语的完成时,有动态和延续性的特点,所以不能使用终端动词或瞬间动词。
例:
My sister has been married for 5 years.(过去分词做表语表示状态,可以延续)
My sister has married. Don't disturb her.(终端动词)

3)、在"this is the first/ second/ third…… time that……"句型里要求用完成时。
例:
This is the second time that the products of our company have been shown in the International Exhibition.(这是我公司产品第二次参加国际展览会。)

4)、句型"It is/ has been……since"所使用的两种时态都正确。
例:It is/ has been 10 years since I last saw him.(从我上次见到他以来已经10年了。)

5)、在"no sooner than"、"hardly/ scarcely ……when"、"before"、"prior to"等句型中,主句要求完成时。
例:I haven't met that professor prior to today.(以前我从未见过那位教授。)

1.含有终止意义或暂短意义的动词不能与 for, since 引导的一般时间状语连用。(buy, begin, die, come, go , join, leave 等)
A)
I have bought a book.
I have bought a book for 3 day. (wrong)
I have had a book for 3 years.

B)
He have joined the army for 3 years. (wrong)
He has been in the army for 3 years.
He joined the army 3 years ago.

C)
He has been dead for 3 years.
He died 2 years ago.
It is 2 years since he died.
He has died for 2 years. (wrong)

D)
He has gone to Australia.
He has been to Australia.

2. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别(时间状语的区别)
I ___ (hear) from her recently / yesterday.

3.7.4动词变化规则:
过去分词的构成(规则变化同过去式的构成方法完全相同)
常用动词不规则变化如下(动词原形 - 动词过去式 - 动词过去分词):
A-B-C形式的:
do - did - done
go - went - gone
be - was/were - been
see - saw - seen
eat - ate - eaten
swim - swam - swum
take - took - taken
give - gave - given
write - wrote - written
drink - drank - drunk
forget - forgot - forgotten

A-B-A形式的:
come - came - come

A-B-B形式的:
buy - bought - bought
get - got - got
have - had - had
send - sent - sent
tell - told - told
make - made - made
keep - kept - kept
hear - heard - heard
sleep - slept - slept
teach - taught - taught

A-A-A形式的:
let - let - let
cut - cut - cut
read - read - read
hurt - hurt - hurt

3.7.5句式及肯定和否定回答:

3.7.6例句:
他已经阅读了这本书。
我们到目前为止已学习了两千个单词。
他们居住在中国三年了。
他看这部电影两次了。
Bob 自从 1997 年在这所学校教学。
I have been to BeiJing 3 times .
I have finished my homework.
I have already finished my homework .

3.7.7复习:

3.8、现在进行时
3.8.1现在进行时表示正在发生的行为动作或现在这段时间正在进行的动作。通常与now, at present, at moment, 等时间状语连用。

3.8.2基本句型结构:主语 + be动词 (am / is / are) + 现在分词(动词ing) + …
You are listening to me carefully now.
She is writing a letter this year.
Look! They are dancing.
We are studying English at present .

3.8.3注意事项:

3.8.4动词变化规则:
动词现在分词的构成
① 一般动词直接在词后加-ing
do – doing | read - reading | work – working
think – thinking | study – studying | go – going | watch – watching | jump - jumping

② 以不发音的字母 e 结尾的动词,应先去掉 e 然后加 – ing
like – liking | take – taking | leave – leaving | live – living
receive – receiving | dance – dancing | come – coming | smoke – smoking | write - writing

③ 以“辅元辅”(一个辅音字母 + 一个元音字母 + 一个辅音字母)结尾(r w y 除外)且该音节为重读音节的动词,应先双写结尾这个辅音字母然后再加-ing
stop – stopping | begin – beginning | dig – digging | swim – swimming | run – running | sit – sitting
注意以下常见动词直接 + ing :
listen – listening | open – opening |(符合“辅元辅”结尾但该音节不为重读音节,所以直接 + ing)
eat – eating | rain – raining | sleep - sleeping (不符合“辅元辅”结尾,所以直接 + ing)


④ 以 ie 结尾,把ie变成 y 再加ing。例如 tie 系,变成现在分词tying ;

3.8.5句式及肯定和否定回答:
1、一般疑问句(1提;2变;3问号;)
Are you reading a book ?
肯定回答:Yes we are .
否定回答:No we aren't.

2、特殊疑问句(特殊疑问词+一般疑问句)
What are you doing ?

3.8.6例句:
It’s raining hard now.

3.8.7复习:

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